|
Alexander Mitchell Palmer (May 4, 1872 – May 11, 1936), best known as A. Mitchell Palmer, was Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the "Palmer Raids" during the Red Scare of 1919-20. ==Congressional career== Palmer was elected as a Democrat to the 61st, 62nd, and 63rd Congresses and served from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1915. From the start he won important party assignments, serving as vice-chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in his first term and managing the assignment of office space in his second term.〔Coben, 23, 47〕 As a congressman, Palmer aligned himself with the progressive〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q0oOH5ZCR4wC&pg=PA54&dq=A.+Mitchell+Palmer+progressive+democrat&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v7ZhVd7NGemU7Qa574DACg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=A.%20Mitchell%20Palmer%20progressive%20democrat&f=false〕 wing of the Democratic Party, advocating lower tariffs despite the popularity of tariffs in his home district and state. In his second term, he won a seat on the Ways and Means Committee chaired by Oscar Underwood. There he was the principal author of the detailed tariff schedules that a Republican Senator denounced as "the most radical departure in the direction of free trade that has been proposed by any party during the last 70 years."〔Coben, p. 49〕 He argued that tariffs profited business and had no benefit for workers. Pennsylvania industry, notably the large mining and manufacturing firms, opposed his tariff scheme, which pleased Palmer, who stated: "I have received my notice from the Bethlehem Steel Company. ... I am marked again for slaughter at their hands."〔 Palmer defeated Pennsylvania's incumbent Democratic National Committeeman, Colonel , by a resounding margin of 110 to 71 at the State Party's annual convention in 1912. Guffey had been a dominant force in state Democratic politics for a half-century; his defeat at the hands of Palmer was seen as a major victory for the Progressive-wing of the State Party, though Guffey's nephew, Joe, would go on to succeed Palmer as the state's National Committeeman in 1920. Palmer served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in both 1912 and 1916. At the 1912 Convention, he played a key role in holding the Pennsylvania delegation together in voting for Woodrow Wilson.〔''New York Times'': ("Nominates Palmer Attorney General," February 28, 1919 ), accessed January 8, 2010〕 Following the election of 1912, Palmer hoped to join Wilson's Cabinet as Attorney General. When he was offered Secretary of War instead, he declined citing his Quaker beliefs and heritage. He wrote to the President:〔Coben, p. 71〕 :As a Quaker War Secretary, I should consider myself a living illustration of a horrible incongruity....In case our country should come into armed conflict with any other, I would go as far as any man in her defense; but I cannot, without violating every tradition of my people and going against every instinct of my nature, planted there by heredity, environment and training, sit down in cold blood in an executive position and use such talents as I possess to the work of preparing for such a conflict. In his third congressional term he chaired his party's caucus in the House of Representatives and served on the five-man executive committee that directed the Democratic Party's national affairs.〔Coben, 74〕 Continuing to champion tariff reduction, he even accepted lower tariffs on the one economic sector he had tried to protect, the wool industry. He proposed to pay for any lost revenue with a graduated income tax targeted only at the rich.〔Coben, 77ff.〕 The ''New York Times'' said he gave "the ablest speech of the day" when the House debated the measure in April 1913. He said:〔''New York Times'': ("Democrat Upsets the Tariff 'Class'," April 26, 1913 ), accessed January 21, 2010; see also ''New York Times'': ("Fear Trust Benefit from a Low Tariff", January 12, 1913 ), accessed January 21, 2010〕 :Business now may take notice that, as to such enterprises as cannot meet the new conditions, by reason of neglect, refusal or inability to employ that efficiency and economy which will permit industry to stand upon its own feet with less support from the government the people refuse to be longer taxed to accomplish the survival of the unfit. His work became part of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913. Other progressive legislation Palmer proposed included a bill outlawing the employment of workers below a certain age in quarries and requiring quarries to be inspected.〔Coben 51〕 He noted that recent Welsh victims of quarry accidents were "a high class of workman –not cheap foreign labor."〔Coben, 198〕 Late in his congressional career, he sponsored a bill to promote women's suffrage. On behalf of the National Child Labor Committee he offered another to end child labor in most American mines and factories.〔Coben, 84-7〕 Wilson found it constitutionally unsound and after the House voted 232 to 44 in favor on February 15, 1915,〔''New York Times'': ("Child Labor Bill Passed," February 16, 1916 ), accessed January 20, 2010〕 he allowed it to die in the Senate. Nevertheless, Arthur Link has called it "a turning point in American constitutional history" because it attempted to establish for the first time "the use of the commerce power to justify almost any form of federal control over working conditions and wages."〔Arthur Link, ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), pp. 255-257〕 In 1914, President Wilson persuaded him to give up his House seat and run instead for the United States Senate. The depression of that year highlighted his controversial tariff position. He came in last in the three-man race, behind second-place finisher Gifford Pinchot, who was later a Republican Governor and ran on the Progressive Party line, and incumbent Republican Boies Penrose.〔Coben, pp. 90-111〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「A. Mitchell Palmer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|